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PM IAS ACADEMY

GEOGRAPHY NOTES

India and World Geography notes for UPSC | TNPSC

Soil

  1. Soil characteristics
  2. Soil formation- factors, stages and process
  3. Soil profiles and horizons
  4. Soil classification
  5. Soil erosion and other problems
  6. Soil conservation

Soils of India-characteristics and distribution

  1. Alluvial soil
  2. Black soil
  3. Red and yellow soil
  4. Laterite soil
  5. Arid soil
  6. Saline soil
  7. Plateau soil
  8. Forest soil

Natural Vegetation

  1. Classification of forest- on basis of
    administration and leaf cover (open, dense etc.)
  2. Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest
  3. Tropical deciduous forest
  4. Thorn forest
  5. Montane forest
  6. Littoral and swamp forest
  7. Forestry
  8. Forest cover in India
  9. Grasslands

Agriculture

  1. Farming system
  2. Subsistence Farming
  3. Shifting Agriculture
  4. Plantation Agriculture
  5. Intensive farming
  6. Dry agriculture
  7. Mixed and multiple agriculture
  8. Terrace cultivation

Irrigation types- merits and demerits

  1. Well and tube well irrigation
  2. Canal irrigation
  3. Tank irrigation
  4. Drip irrigation
  5. Sprinkler irrigation
  6. Other types of irrigation- furrow surge, ditch seepage etc.
  7. Irrigation related issues

Land resource

  1. Agriculture regionalization
  2. Land use pattern
  3. Agriculture revolutions
  4. agricultural labours
  5. agricultural marketing
  6. agricultural census
  7. sustainable agriculture
  8. agriculture issues and challenges
  9. Agriculture intensity
  10. Agro climatic conditions of
    India
  11. Agricultural allied activities
  12. sericulture poultry farming dairy apiculture
    miscellaneous

Crops and Cropping Pattern

  1. Major crops in India (focus on conditions of
    growth, variety, production pattern,
    international trade etc. trade etc.)
  2. Major crops
    Food crops- rice, wheat, maize,
    pulses, millets etc.
    – Plantation crops- coffee, tea, rubber,
    coconut etc.
  3. Cash crops- spices, tobacco, rubber, silk,
    jute, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton etc.
  4. Horticulture- Vegetables and fruits
    – other crops
  5. cropping seasons
  6. cropping pattern in India
  7. seeds and fertilizers
  8. Dry zone farming
  9. organic farming
  10. crop combinations
  11. contract farming
  12. crop concentration